Research

Bay earns major Air Force Young Investigator award

Jeff Zehnder — Thu, 27 Mar 2025 22:35:28 +0000

Bay earns major Air Force Young Investigator award Jeff Zehnder Thu, 03/27/2025 - 16:35

Assistant Professors Kōnane Bay and Ankur Gupta from 91��’s Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering have been honored with the 2025 Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Young Investigator Program Award.

Each received a $450,000, three-year grant to advance research relevant to the Air Force. The program, offered by the Air Force Research Laboratory, supports early-career scientists and engineers with “exceptional ability and promise for conducting basic research,” according to the AFOSR.

“This is among the most prestigious awards given to junior faculty, and to have both Ankur and Kōnane receive it in the same year is a remarkable testimony to their impressive achievements and very high potential for making future advances,” said Professor Ryan Hayward, chair of the department.

Kōnane Bay, self-healing, innovative materials

Bay says the next generation of polymer materials—materials with long chains of molecules like plastics, rubber and proteins—will need advanced features, such as the ability to repair themselves. While engineering synthetic polymers with these properties is challenging, biofilm-forming bacteria are promising as they use internal material factories to produce polymers on demand to survive changes in the surroundings.

“I am grateful to receive this award which will allow our lab to harness nature to create novel engineered living materials,” Bay said.

The award will support Bay and her team at the Huli Materials Lab in using biofilm-forming bacteria to develop new polymeric materials. The project combines 3D printing with bacteria’s natural movement to control the mechanical properties of biofilm-based synthetic polymers. The findings could lead to self-healing materials that can change shape, with applications in aerospace, soft robotics, and protective coatings.

Bay recently also received a prestigious CAREER Award, a $675,000, five-year grant from the National Science Foundation. The funding will advance her work in characterization of polymer thin film.

Ankur Gupta, more precise chemical sensors

Imagine being able to organize tiny particles as small as one-twentieth the thickness of a human hair.

Gupta’s research aims to do just that. He and his team in the Laboratory of Interfaces, Flow and Electrokinetics (LIFE) study how these tiny particles form patterns through chemical reactions and diffusion. The researchers aim to control this process to develop materials that detect microscopic changes in the air, paving the way for advanced chemical sensors that identify subtle chemical shifts and improve safety.

“It’s an honor for us to receive this award, especially given its prestige and selectivity,” Gupta said. “This recognition is a testament to the hard work of my current and past group members, and I am grateful for the opportunity to work with them.”

The $450,000 three-year grant will support a graduate student and cover travel expenses.

In 2024, Gupta was honored with the Johannes Lyklema Early Career Award in electrokinetics. He was also selected for the prestigious “35 Under 35” award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2023.

That same year Gupta also received a $517,000, five-year National Science Foundation CAREER Award, to study how ions move through porous materials. His research will help design improved porous materials for more efficient desalination and renewable energy storage.

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Aircrafts of the future: Boosting aerodynamic performance by engineered surface vibrations

Jeff Zehnder — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 16:54:49 +0000

Aircrafts of the future: Boosting aerodynamic performance by engineered surface vibrations Jeff Zehnder Mon, 03/24/2025 - 10:54

Jeff Zehnder

“This is probably the most radical conceptual advancement for airplanes since the replacement of propellers with jets.” – M.I. Hussein

Mahmoud Hussein is not pulling punches about the potential impact of a major aerospace materials research project.

As the principal investigator of a $7.5 million, five-year Department of Defense Office of Naval Research (ONR) Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI), Hussein is leading an effort to reshape the fundamental character of fluid-structure interactions to reduce drag on high-speed aerospace vehicles—the focus of the project.

“Since the dawn of aviation, aircraft design has been based on the premise of shaping the surface of the vehicle to create lift and minimize drag. Our team is pursuing a new paradigm where the phononic properties, or intrinsic vibrations, of a surface or subsurface provide an additional pathway to interact with the airflow, to enhance the vehicle performance in an unprecedented manner,” said Hussein, the Alvah and Harriet Hovlid Professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at the 91��.

Hussein also has a courtesy appointment in the Department of Physics and an affiliation with the Materials Science and Engineering Program.

MURI Partners

91��

Mahmoud I. Hussein
Professor & Principal Investigator
Armin Kianfar
Post-Doctoral Associate
Adam Harris
PhD Student

University of Maryland

Christoph Brehm
Associate Professor

Johns Hopkins University

Kevin Hemker
Professor

Purdue University

Joseph Jewell
Associate Professor

Applied Physics Laboratory

Keith Caruso
Principal Staff Engineer
Ken Kane
Researcher

University of Kentucky

Alexandre Martin
Professor

Case Western Reserve University

Bryan Schmidt
Assistant Professor

Office of Naval Research (Program Directors)

Eric Marineau
Eric Wuchina

Phononic Subsurfaces

Turbulent airflow is detrimental to the fuel economy and the surface temperature of aircrafts as they soar through the atmosphere. This research aims to mitigate the transition to turbulence using phononic subsurfaces (PSubs) – synthetic designed materials affixed beneath the surface of a wing or vehicle body that passively manipulate small-amplitude vibrations, and by extension flow fluctuations, point-by-point along the surface.

Turbulence and Fuel Economy

Passenger planes consume over 10,000 gallons of jet fuel on a single cross-country trip, so improvements in fuel economy could lead to big savings for airlines. The potential in hypersonic crafts is even more dramatic.

Hypersonic vehicles travel at velocities at least five times the speed of sound. The turbulence that results from such speeds causes the surface of the vehicles to heat up to thousands of degrees, requiring they be constructed of exotic, expensive materials.

“By introducing a phononic subsurface to precisely shape the vibrations along the surface, we can alter the way the air interacts with the vehicle such that we ultimately don’t need to come up with exceedingly high-temperature-resistant materials,” Hussein said. “We’re passively manipulating instabilities in air flow in a manner that is favorable in the boundary layer where the vehicle meets the surrounding air.”

2015 to Today

The concept of PSubs was discovered by Hussein. The work began from a collaboration over 15 years ago between Hussein and then 91�� Professor Sedat Biringen, who died in 2020. As leaders in the newly-born research area of phononics and the longstanding field of fluid dynamics, respectively, they worked together to theoretically demonstrate–for the first time–a way to manipulate phonons to improve the efficiency of flight, with tremendous potential for the aerospace industry and prospects for application to water vessels as well.

Recently Hussein gathered a team of experts from across the country to take the concept of PSubs to the next level with this hypersonics MURI grant. Over the duration of the project, the group will develop high-fidelity models and fabricate functional prototypes to effectively characterize and demonstrate the technology in high-speed wind tunnels.

“We’re most confident about this endeavor, because the idea is rooted in fundamental science marrying–in quite a sophisticated fashion–fluid dynamics with condensed matter physics as well as with the emerging field of elastic metamaterials,” Hussein said.

“This is probably the most radical conceptual advancement for airplanes since the replacement of propellers with jets.” – Mahmoud Hussein is not pulling punches about the potential impact of a major aerospace materials research project.

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Xiao earns prestigious membership in the National Academy of Inventors

Jeff Zehnder — Wed, 12 Mar 2025 21:20:30 +0000

Xiao earns prestigious membership in the National Academy of Inventors Jeff Zehnder Wed, 03/12/2025 - 15:20

Jianliang Xiao is a “mechanics of materials” expert launching innovations in soft materials and flexible electronics. His work recently earned him an exclusive spot amongst some of the most successful academic inventors in the world.

Jianliang Xiao, associate professor of mechanical engineering and senior member of the National Academy of Inventors (NAI).

Xiao, an associate professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, has been selected as a senior member of the National Academy of Inventors (NAI). The program recognizes rising innovators who have had success securing patents, licensing and commercialization for developed technologies that showcase real impact on the welfare of society.

“I am extremely excited and honored to join this group of incredible innovators as a senior member,” said Xiao, who is also affiliated with the Materials Science and Engineering Program at 91��. “Thank you to the students in my research group for their contributions. We see this not just as recognition, but as stimulation. It encourages us to work harder and make an even greater impact on society in the future.”

The induction comes on the heels of two recent patents that Xiao and his team in the Xiao Research Group have received. The first is a smart and comfortable in-ear device that can detect signals from the brain and facial area to help diagnose sleep disorders.

The second is a series of wearable electronic systems also designed for health monitoring purposes. Not only can they be worn, but they can also be recycled.

According to the World Health Organization, a record 62 million tons of electronic waste was produced globally in just 2022 alone. Xiao says this technology has the power to drastically reduce this number and make way for a cleaner global footprint.

“Our work is focused on a combination of smart materials and flexible electronics,” Xiao said. “Not only do we have patents for these technologies, but startup companies are working to commercialize them so that, hopefully in a few years, they can make a real impact on people’s lives.”

Xiao and his group will continue to fuel their inventive spirit. The team of inventors are actively seeking collaborations with other experts in various disciplines, including healthcare.

But despite his achievement, Xiao remains steady on one principle: it takes a vast ecosystem to have innovative and entrepreneurial success.

“Thank you to the people at the Research and Innovation Office and the Venture Partners at 91��,” said Xiao. “They have offered tremendous support during my journey and nomination.”

This year’s cohort of NAI inductees is the largest since the program’s inception in 2018. Comprised of 162 emerging inventors from institutions across the nation, the collective group is named on over 1,200 U.S. patents.

The 2025 class of senior members will be officially celebrated during the Senior Member Induction Ceremony at NAI’s 14th annual conference in Atlanta, Georgia, from June 23-26.

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New technology turns waste heat into electricity, defies physical limit

Jeff Zehnder — Wed, 19 Feb 2025 16:48:48 +0000

New technology turns waste heat into electricity, defies physical limit Jeff Zehnder Wed, 02/19/2025 - 09:48

A team of engineers and material scientists in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering at 91�� has developed a new technology to turn thermal radiation into electricity in a way that literally teases the basic law of thermal physics.

The breakthrough was discovered by the Cui Research Group, led by Assistant Professor Longji Cui. Their work, in collaboration with researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was recently published in the journal Energy & Environmental Sciences.

The group says their research has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing industries by increasing power generation without the need for high temperature heat sources or expensive materials. They can store clean energy, lower carbon emissions and harvest heat from geothermal, nuclear and solar radiation plants across the globe.

In other words, Cui and his team have solved an age-old puzzle: how to do more with less.

“Heat is a renewable energy source that is often overlooked,” Cui said. “Two-thirds of all energy that we use is turned into heat. Think of energy storage and electricity generation that doesn’t involve fossil fuels. We can recover some of this wasted thermal energy and use it to make clean electricity.”

Breaking the physical limit in vacuum

High-temperature industrial processes and renewable energy harvesting techniques often utilize a thermal energy conversion method called thermophotovoltaics (TPV). This method harnesses thermal energy from high temperature heat sources to generate electricity.

But existing TPV devices have one constraint: Planck’s thermal radiation law.

PhD student Mohammad Habibi showcasing one of the group's TPV cells used for power generation. Habibi was the leader of both the theory and experimentation of this groundbreaking research.

“Planck’s law, one of most fundamental laws in thermal physics, puts a limit on the available thermal energy that can be harnessed from a high temperature source at any given temperature,” said Cui, also a faculty member affiliated with the Materials Science and Engineering Program and the Center for Experiments on Quantum Materials. “Researchers have tried to work closer or overcome this limit using many ideas, but current methods are overly complicated to manufacture the device, costly and unscalable.”

That’s where Cui’s group comes in. By designing a unique and compact TPV device that can fit in a human hand, the team was able to overcome the vacuum limit defined by Planck’s law and double the yielded power density previously achieved by conventional TPV designs.

“When we were exploring this technology, we had theoretically predicted a high level of enhancement. But we weren’t sure what it would look like in a real world experiment,” said Mohammad Habibi, a PhD student in Cui’s lab and leader of both the theory and experiment of this research. “After performing the experiment and processing the data, we saw the enhancement ourselves and knew it was something great.”

The zero-vacuum gap solution using glass

The research emerged, in part, from the group’s desire to challenge the limits. But in order to succeed, they had to modify existing TPV designs and take a different approach.

“There are two major performance metrics when it comes to TPV devices: efficiency and power density,” said Cui. “Most people have focused on efficiency. However, our goal was to increase power.”

The zero-vacuum gap TPV device, designed by the Cui Research Group.

To do so, the team implemented what’s called a “zero-vacuum gap” solution into the design of their TPV device. Unlike other TPV models that feature a vacuum or gas-filled gap between the thermal source and the solar cell, their design features an insulated, high index and infrared-transparent spacer made out of just glass.

This creates a high power density channel that allows thermal heat waves to travel through the device without losing strength, drastically improving power generation. The material is also very cheap, one of the device’s central calling cards.

“Previously, when people wanted to enhance the power density, they would have to increase temperature. Let’s say an increase from 1,500 C to 2,000 C. Sometimes even higher, which eventually becomes not tolerable and unsafe for the whole energy system,” Cui explained. “Now we can work in lower temperatures that are compatible with most industrial processes, all while still generating similar electrical power than before. Our device operates at 1,000 C and yields power equivalent to 1,400 C in existing gap-integrated TPV devices.”

The group also says their glass design is just the tip of the iceberg. Other materials could help the device produce even more power.

“This is the first demonstration of this new TPV concept,” explained Habibi. “But if we used another cheap material with the same properties, like amorphous silicon, there is a potential for an even higher, nearly 20 times more increase in power density. That’s what we are looking to explore next.”

The broader commercial impact

Assistant Professor Longji Cui (middle) and the Cui Research Group.

Cui says their novel TPV devices would make its largest impact by enabling portable power generators and decarbonizing heavy emissions industries. Once optimized, they have the power to transform high-temperature industrial processes, such as the production of glass, steel and cement with cheaper and cleaner electricity.

“Our device uses commercial technology that already exists. It can scale up naturally to be implemented in these industries,” said Cui. “We can recover wasted heat and can provide the energy storage they need with this device at a low working temperature.

“We have a patent pending based on this technology and it is very exciting to push this renewable innovation forward within the field of power generation and heat recovery.”

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5 startups to watch in 2025

Jeff Zehnder — Wed, 29 Jan 2025 18:02:21 +0000

5 startups to watch in 2025 Jeff Zehnder Wed, 01/29/2025 - 11:02

When it comes to putting science into action, last year was one for the record books. From July 2023 to June 2024, 91�� helped to launch 35 new companies based on research at the university—a big tick up from the previous record of 20 companies in fiscal year 2021.

The new businesses are embracing technologies from the worlds of healthcare, agriculture, clean energy and more—including sensors that could one day help farmers improve their crop yields and breathalyzers that can detect signs of infection in the air you breathe out.

Here’s a look at how scientists, with the help of the university’s commercialization arm Venture Partners at 91��, seek to use discoveries from the lab to make a difference in peoples’ lives.

Mana Battery: Cheaper, longer lasting batteries for clean energy

This company is set to spark a renewable energy revolution. Founded by Chunmei Ban, associate professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, along with CU alumni Nick Singstock and Tyler Evans, Mana Battery is developing a cheaper, safer and longer lasting alternative to the traditional lithium-ion battery.

Lithium-ion batteries are the most common type of rechargeable battery on the planet, powering everything from TV remotes to cell phones and even electric vehicles. But the materials used in these batteries, such as lithium and cobalt, are rare and expensive. In contrast, Mana’s batteries run on sodium, an abundant mineral, offering a more affordable and sustainable alternative.

Currently, sodium-ion batteries come with a host of technological challenges. For example, they typically store less energy than lithium-ion batteries of the same size.

Ban and her team are working on improving sodium-ion battery designs to increase the amount of energy they can store. Their goal is to develop sodium-ion batteries with the same energy density as lithium-ion batteries at just 35% to 75% of the cost.

The renewable energy industry could reap the benefits. Sodium-ion batteries could store excess clean energy generated by solar panels or wind turbines, providing power even during cloudy or windless days.

“The use of batteries has significantly supported, and will continue to promote, the widespread use of electric vehicles and low-cost energy storage solutions for the power grid,” Ban said.

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91�� researchers harness nature to create living optical materials

Jeff Zehnder — Tue, 21 Jan 2025 18:40:56 +0000

91�� researchers harness nature to create living optical materials Jeff Zehnder Tue, 01/21/2025 - 11:40

91��’s Living Materials Laboratory played a key role in studying tiny bioglass lenses that were designed to form on the surface of engineered microbes, a scientific breakthrough that could pave the way for groundbreaking imaging technologies in both medical and commercial applications.

The project, led by the University of Rochester and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was inspired by the enzymes secreted by sea sponges that help them grow glass-like silica shells. The shells are lightweight, durable and enable the sea sponges to thrive in harsh marine environments.

“By engineering microbes to display these same enzymes, our collaborators were able to form glass on the cell surface, which turned the cells into living microlenses,” said Wil Srubar, a coauthor of the paper and professor of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering and the Materials Science and Engineering Program. “This is a terrific example of how learning and applying nature’s design principles can enable the production of advanced materials.”

Professor Wil Srubar

Using imaging and X-ray techniques, 91�� researchers analyzed the silica, also known as “bioglass,” and quantified the amount surrounding different bacterial strains. The 91�� researchers demonstrated that bacteria engineered to form bioglass spheres contained significantly higher silica levels than non-engineered strains. Combined with optics data, the results confirmed that bacteria could be bioengineered to create bioglass microlenses with excellent light-focusing properties.

Microlenses are very small lenses that are only a few micrometers in size—about the size of a single human cell and designed to capture and focus or manipulate light into intense beams at a microscopic scale. Because of their small size, microlenses are typically difficult to create, requiring complex, expensive machinery and extreme temperatures or pressures to shape them accurately and achieve the desired optical effects.

The small size of the bacterial microlenses makes them ideal for creating high-resolution image sensors, particularly biomedical imaging, allowing sharper visualization of subcellular features like protein complexes. In materials science, these microlenses can capture detailed images of nanoscale materials and structures. In diagnostics, they provide clearer imaging of microscopic pathogens like viruses and bacteria, leading to more accurate identification and analysis.

The University of Rochester contributed to this report.

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Pioneering sodium-ion batteries: a sustainable energy alternative

Jeff Zehnder — Mon, 11 Nov 2024 20:01:00 +0000

Pioneering sodium-ion batteries: a sustainable energy alternative Jeff Zehnder Mon, 11/11/2024 - 13:01

91�� researchers are exploring the use of sodium-ion batteries as an alternative to lithium-based energy storage.

While sodium is abundant and could help address supply chain issues linked to lithium scarcity, current sodium-ion batteries have not performed as well as lithium-ion batteries due to their lower energy density and shorter lifespans.

To tackle these challenges, Chunmei Ban, associate professor of mechanical engineering and materials science, and her research team are developing new electrolytes and studying how they interact with battery electrodes to enhance performance and longevity.

Funded by the Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade, this work aims to improve the overall effectiveness of sodium-ion batteries making them a more viable energy storage option.

Ban notes that sodium, widely distributed in the Earth’s crust, is an appealing candidate for large-scale energy storage solutions and is an emerging market in the United States.

“The sodium-ion battery market provides significant opportunities for new companies and a pathway to domestic manufacturing dominance,” said Ban. “Sodium may offer a potential remedy to concerns over resource scarcity with lithium-ion batteries.”

Researching battery alternatives

Kangmin Kim, a fourth-year chemical engineering student and BOLD Scholar, participated in the research project through CU SPUR gaining hands-on experience in hopes to further his research interest in battery technologies for graduate school.

“Lithium battery technology is reaching a point where improvements are becoming more incremental than transformative,” said Kim, “so we need alternative renewable technologies that we can rely on.”

Kangmin completes a summer research experience on sodium-ion batteries.

He believes improved battery technology is essential for advancing society and fostering a more sustainable energy future.

“We will need these improved battery technologies for everything from electric vehicles to drones and cell phones,” he said.

Through Kim’s research experience, he developed battery fabrication skills and learned the importance of precision and attention to detail in creating high-quality batteries.

“The lab work was actually quite similar to cooking, which is an activity I love to do,” said Kim. “Knowing what ingredients we need, what precautions must be taken, what tools and techniques are used are just like working in the lab.”

In mentoring students like Kim, Ban highlights how fulfilling it is to work with students who demonstrate a strong passion for science and technology and eagerness to learn.

“It has been a rewarding experience to witness undergraduate students like Kangmin grow their research and scientific skills in helping to solve some of our major global challenges.”

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New device could deliver bedside blood test results in an hour

Jeff Zehnder — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 17:10:49 +0000

New device could deliver bedside blood test results in an hour Jeff Zehnder Fri, 10/25/2024 - 11:10

Go to the doctor to provide a blood sample and you’re typically faced with a needle and syringe and hours or even days of waiting to get results back from a lab.

91�� researchers hope to change that with a new handheld, sound-based diagnostic system able to deliver precise results in an hour with a mere finger prick of blood.

The team describes the system in a new paper published Oct. 16 in the journal Science Advances.

“We’ve developed a technology that is very user friendly, can be deployed in various settings and provides valuable diagnostic information in a short time frame,” said senior author Wyatt Shields, assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at 91��.

The findings come as scientists have been racing to democratize diagnostic testing, which can be hard for people in rural areas or developing countries to access and, in the case of blood tests, frightening for those averse to needles.

While existing rapid tests, known as lateral-flow assays, like COVID tests or pregnancy tests, can provide a quick “yes” or “no” as to whether a specific biomarker or biomolecule in the blood or urine is present, they typically can’t say how much, and they aren’t sensitive enough to detect very small amounts.

Meanwhile, the gold standard for clinical blood tests, known as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is highly sensitive and specialized enough to detect rare or scarce biomarkers but requires expensive equipment and complex techniques, and it can take hours or days for patients to receive results.

The authors acknowledge that skepticism exists in the biosensing field since the highly publicized downfall of Theranos Inc., which promised as far back as 2015 to detect hundreds of biomarkers with a drop of blood. Their invention works differently, they said, and unlike the now-defunct startup, it is based on systematic experiments and peer-reviewed research.

“While what they claimed to do isn’t possible right now, a lot of researchers are hoping something similar will be possible one day,” said first-author Cooper Thome, a doctoral candidate in Shields’ lab. “This work could be a step toward that goal—but one that is backed by science that anybody can access.”

Using sound waves in a new way

Shields and Thome set out to develop a tool that is simultaneously sensitive, highly portable and easy-to-use.

Their secret ingredients: tiny particles they call “functional negative acoustic contrast” particles (fNACPs) and a custom-built, handheld instrument or “acoustic pipette” that delivers sound waves to the blood samples inside.

As part of his doctoral work, Thome designed the fNACPs (essentially cell-sized rubber balls) to be customized with functional coatings so they recognize and capture a designated biomarker of interest, such as an infectious virus or a protein deemed a red flag for a brewing health problem. The particles also respond to the pressure from sound waves differently than blood cells. Thome designed the acoustic pipette to harness this unique response.

“We’re basically using sound waves to manipulate particles to rapidly isolate them from a really small volume of fluid,” said Thome, who specializes in the study of “acoustofluidics.” “It’s a whole new way of measuring blood biomarkers.”

When a small amount of blood is mixed with the custom particles and placed inside the acoustic pipette, sound waves force the particles to the side of a chamber where they are trapped inside while the rest of the blood is flushed out.

The remaining biomarkers, attached to the particles, are then labeled with fluorescent tags and hit with lasers to determine the amount present.

All this happens in under 70 minutes inside a device that can fit in the palm of a hand.

Matching the gold standard clinical test

“In our paper, we demonstrate that this pipette and particle system can offer the same sensitivity and specificity as a gold-standard clinical test can but within an instrument that radically simplifies workflows,” said Shields, noting that this time could likely be reduced more with future refinements. “It gives us the potential to perform blood diagnostics right at the patient’s bedside.”

This could be particularly useful for assessing not only whether a patient has an infectious disease but also what their viral load is and how fast it is growing, he said. The device could also potentially play a role in measuring antibodies to determine whether someone needed a booster shot or not, testing for allergies or detecting proteins associated with certain cancers.

The study is a proof of concept, and more research is necessary before the device could be commercialized. The authors have worked with Venture Partners to apply for patents and are now exploring ways to make the technology work for multiple patients at once (which would be useful in mobile clinics in rural areas, for instance) or test for multiple biomarkers simultaneously.

“We think this has a lot of potential to address some of the longstanding challenges that have come from having to take a blood sample from a patient, haul it off to a lab and wait to get results back,” said Shields.

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Using nanoscale membranes to clean water on the Moon

Jeff Zehnder — Wed, 16 Oct 2024 14:58:18 +0000

Using nanoscale membranes to clean water on the Moon Jeff Zehnder Wed, 10/16/2024 - 08:58

Jeff Zehnder

Anthony Straub is making major advances in water purification technology for industry and human consumption on Earth and in space, with his work on a nanotechnology membrane process taking a major step toward commercialization, thanks to a new NASA grant.

An assistant professor in the Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering at the 91��, Straub’s research focuses on using membranes to improve water treatment.

“The membrane technology that is widely used now is essentially half a century old, and it has well-known limitations,” Straub said. “ It works well for many applications, but it has a tendency to let certain impurities through and it degrades if exposed to certain harsh chemicals.”

NASA has awarded Straub and one of his PhD students, Kian Lopez, a phase one Small Business Innovation Research award to develop a pilot water purification system for astronauts to use on a future Moon base.

Current space water purification systems are bulky and prone to repairs. The technology Straub’s lab has developed only requires a pump to pressurize water, reducing size and weight. Low weight is especially important in moon missions, where every kilogram of cargo can cost tens of thousands of dollars.

“Current membranes remove impurities based on size and charge and, as a result, allow for small impurities to bypass the membrane,” Straub said. “What we’ve designed traps a very small layer of air inside a membrane and the only way for the water to cross the barrier is by evaporating and then re-condensing on the other side, which impurities inherently cannot do.”

The entire process occurs over a 100 nanometer span, a distance 160 times smaller than the width of a human hair, and the water that results is nearly pure H2O – distillation quality — since it has been turned to steam and then back to liquid.

These new membranes can be made from a wide variety of materials; the advance is in modifying them to create the air trapping layer. Although the work has been a longtime focus of Straub, he had not considered space applications or commercialization until Lopez returned from an internship at NASA.

Schematic of the membrane process.

“My mentor at NASA said this technology looks promising and the biggest impact we could have would be to start our own company,” Lopez said.

Straub and Lopez decided to attend the New Venture Launch class together in the 91�� Leeds Business School, participating in campus technology transfer initiatives, including the New Venture Challenge and Lab Venture Challenge. They founded Osmopure Technologies, Inc. in January of this year.

Space is but one application. Other potential is in municipal water systems and industry, particularly semiconductor or computer chip manufacturing, which requires ultrapure water.

Although ultrapure sounds like a marketing buzzword, it has a formal definition: water free of all minerals, particles, bacteria, microbes, and dissolved gasses. The needs go far beyond water that is safe for human consumption.

“The minimum for ultrapure water in chip manufacturing is a 14-step process right now. The final product must contain less than one 10-nanometer particle per milliliter of water, which would be the density equivalent of having only a single person on the entire planet Earth,” Lopez said.

Semiconductor chips are manufactured in clean rooms, and ultrapure water is necessary to maintain temperature and humidity as well as to wash away residue produced during chip etching. Even the tiniest water impurities can damage the chips.

“Our work starts with NASA, but the beachhead market here on Earth is in ultrapure water production for semiconductors,” Straub said. “This is a huge potential market, and we have filed a provisional patents with CU Venture Partners.”

Straub is optimistic the grant will enable them to make significant progress in the coming months.

“This has been a four-year process, and at the beginning we didn’t know if it would work,” Straub said. “We started with theory and then went into the lab to test. The fabrication has gone through several iterations here in the CU labs. Now we are moving towards a commercial product, and the performance is impressive.”

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Discovery could lead to longer-lasting EV batteries, hasten energy transition

Anonymous — Thu, 19 Sep 2024 20:56:11 +0000

Discovery could lead to longer-lasting EV batteries, hasten energy transition Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 09/19/2024 - 14:56

Batteries lose capacity over time, which is why older cellphones run out of power more quickly. This common phenomenon, however, is not completely understood.

Now, an international team of researchers, led by an engineer at 91��, has revealed the underlying mechanism behind such battery degradation. Their discovery could help scientists to develop better batteries, which would allow electric vehicles to run farther and last longer, while also advancing energy storage technologies that would accelerate the transition to clean energy.

The findings were published Sept. 12 in the journal Science.

“We are helping to advance lithium-ion batteries by figuring out the molecular level processes involved in their degradation,” said Michael Toney, the paper’s co-corresponding author and a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering. “Having a better battery is very important in shifting our energy infrastructure away from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources.”

Michael Toney

Engineers have been working for years on designing lithium-ion batteries—the most common type of rechargeable batteries—without cobalt. Cobalt is an expensive rare mineral, and its mining process has been linked to grave environmental and human rights concerns. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, which supplies more than half of the world’s cobalt, many miners are children.

So far, scientists have tried to use other elements such as nickel and magnesium to replace cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. But these batteries have even higher rates of self-discharge, which is when the battery’s internal chemical reactions reduce stored energy and degrade its capacity over time. Because of self-discharge, most EV batteries have a lifespan of seven to 10 years before they need to be replaced.

Toney, who is also a fellow of the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, and his team set out to investigate the cause of self-discharge. In a typical lithium-ion battery, lithium ions, which carry charges, move from one side of the battery, called the anode, to the other side, called the cathode, through a medium called an electrolyte. During this process, the flow of these charged ions forms an electric current that powers electronic devices. Charging the battery reverses the flow of the charged ions and returns them to the anode.

Previously, scientists thought batteries self-discharge because not all lithium ions return to the anode when charging, reducing the number of charged ions available to form the current and provide power.

Using the Advanced Photon Source, a powerful X-ray machine, at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, the research team discovered that hydrogen molecules from the battery’s electrolyte would move to the cathode and take the spots that lithium ions normally bind to. As a result, lithium ions have fewer places to bind to on the cathode, weakening the electric current and decreasing the battery’s capacity.

“We discovered that the more lithium you pull out of the cathode during charging, the more hydrogen atoms accumulate on the surface,” said Gang Wan, the study’s first author at Stanford University.” This process induces self-discharge and causes mechanical stress that can cause cracks in the cathode and accelerate degradation.”

Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gases generated in the U.S, accounting for 28% of the country’s emissions in 2021. In an effort to reduce emissions, many automakers have committed to moving away from developing gasoline cars to produce more EVs instead. But EV manufacturers face a host of challenges, including limited driving range, higher production costs and shorter battery lifespan than conventional vehicles. In the U.S. market, a typical all-electric car can run about 250 miles in a single charge, about 60% that of a gasoline car. The new study has the potential to address all of these issues, Toney said.

“All consumers want cars with a large driving range. Some of these low cobalt-containing batteries can potentially provide a higher driving range, but we also need to make sure they don’t fall apart in a short period of time,” he said, noting that reducing cobalt can also reduce costs and address human rights and energy justice concerns.

With a better understanding of the self-discharge mechanism, engineers can explore a few ways to prevent the process, such as coating the cathode with a special material to block hydrogen molecules or using a different electrolyte.

“Now that we understand what is causing batteries to degrade, we can inform the battery chemistry community on what needs to be improved when designing in batteries,” Toney said.

Additional co-authors of the study included Oleg Borodin, Travis Pollard and Marshall Schroeder at DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Chia-Chin Chen at National Taiwan University, Zihua Zhu and Yingge Du at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Ye Zhang at the University of Houston.

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